History of Computer:
In 1822, Charles Babbage invented the Difference Engine, first Automatic computing Machine, which became the base for computers' birth.
In 1936, Konrade Zuse invented Z1.
In 1946, John Manchley & J Presper Eckert invented ENIAC.
In 1945-1948:
Cryptography and Tele-Satellite calls were by Pentagon for exchanging maps, information of the enemies at time of world war -2, which became the basis for Invention of Internet.
In 1969 ARPANET was created by ARPA (Advanced Research Project Association)
On 2nd September 1969, website invented by University of California after the invention of LAN.
LAN was invented in 1960s by XPARC; Xerox Palo Alto Research Centre. Initial it connected two PCs. It was a birth of Networking.
In 1822, Charles Babbage invented the Difference Engine, first Automatic computing Machine, which became the base for computers' birth.
In 1936, Konrade Zuse invented Z1.
In 1946, John Manchley & J Presper Eckert invented ENIAC.
In 1945-1948:
Cryptography and Tele-Satellite calls were by Pentagon for exchanging maps, information of the enemies at time of world war -2, which became the basis for Invention of Internet.
In 1969 ARPANET was created by ARPA (Advanced Research Project Association)
On 2nd September 1969, website invented by University of California after the invention of LAN.
LAN was invented in 1960s by XPARC; Xerox Palo Alto Research Centre. Initial it connected two PCs. It was a birth of Networking.
What is Network?
In information technology, a network is a series of points or nodes interconnected by communication paths. Networks can interconnect with other networks and contain subnetworks.
What is Networking?
In information technology, networking is the construction, design, and use of a network, including the physical (cabling, hub, bridge, switch, router, and so forth), the selection and use of telecommunication protocol and computer software for using and managing the network, and the establishment of operation policies and procedures related to the network.
Why Networking:Ø Sharing Information
Ø Transfer data from one PC to another
Ø Sharing Hardware peripherals like Printers, Scanners, Systems etc.
Ø Back up
Ø Communication----telecom, head phones, webcams, Chat servers.
Ø Retrieving data
TYPE OF NETWORKS
Ø LAN
Ø CAN
Ø MAN
Ø WAN
Ø VAN
Ø HAN
Ø VPN
Ø CONTROLLER AREA NETWORK (CAN-BUS)
LAN:- LOCAL AREA NETWORKS -Specific range of 500 mtrs or not more than two buildings.
CAN:- CAMPUS AREA NETWORKS -More than 500 mtrs ut within 1 km.CAN is a combination of 2 or more LAN’S
Eg- Kool Homes Housing Society, pune university, Syntel (hinjewadi)
MAN:- METROPOLITAN AREA NETWORK
Limits to a city.
Eg. Gulf countries & US use it for traffic control system & city management, anticrime etc., delhi metro, Hyderabad IT parks.
WAN – WIDE AREA NETWORKSA collection of several of LAN, MAN, LAN’S
Area is not a specific- anything from city, state, country, contiet or the etire world.
Eg. Internet, ATM, core banking
Additional usage –
Ø Searching global information
Ø Email- id, etc
VAN:- VALUE ADDED NETWORKINGValue addition to networking Provided to vendors, employees & clients by companies it doesn’t require any activation cost\installation expences.only internet conection reqd. we can easily get connected to VAN.
Why VAN-Ø Provided only to vendors, employees & customers & gives acess to a particular data
Ø it is a pvt. Network
Ø Eg.
· Asian paints distributes site through intranet
· D-MAT account usage
· Reliance communication intranet site
· Bank account holders.
HAN- HOME AREA NETWORK
A networks within the users Home that coects persons digital device from multiple computers and their peripheral device to telephones , VCD players, vedio games, home security system. smart appliances, Fax machines & other digital devices that are wired into the network.
VPN-VIRTUAL PRIVATE NETWORK \ VIRTUAL LANIs a pvt. Data network that makes use of public telecommunication infrastructure, maintaining privacy through security procedures
Ø System of owned or a leased line or tele connection or wifin for employees
Ø Connecting two or more branches
Ø Eg. Online muster mgt.
· Employees performance appraisal
· Instructions to employees
· www.methodexsystems.com
· Global connection
CAN-BUS:- CONTROLLER AREA NETWORKS
A serial bus networks of microcontrollers that coects devices, sensors activators in a system or subsystem for real time control application.
Development by ROBERT BOSH IN 1983 Officially released in 1986 Manadatory for all cars & light tracks in US since 1996. Manadatory for all European petrol vehicle Since 2001 ad diesel since 2004.
Modern automobiles may have atleast 70 electronic control units (ECU’S) for various subsystems like- transmission , airbags, antilock,tracking, cruise control etc.
MERCEDES BENZ – sound start –stop technology way indicator (GPS) .
Ø Transfer data from one PC to another
Ø Sharing Hardware peripherals like Printers, Scanners, Systems etc.
Ø Back up
Ø Communication----telecom, head phones, webcams, Chat servers.
Ø Retrieving data
TYPE OF NETWORKS
Ø LAN
Ø CAN
Ø MAN
Ø WAN
Ø VAN
Ø HAN
Ø VPN
Ø CONTROLLER AREA NETWORK (CAN-BUS)
LAN:- LOCAL AREA NETWORKS -Specific range of 500 mtrs or not more than two buildings.
CAN:- CAMPUS AREA NETWORKS -More than 500 mtrs ut within 1 km.CAN is a combination of 2 or more LAN’S
Eg- Kool Homes Housing Society, pune university, Syntel (hinjewadi)
MAN:- METROPOLITAN AREA NETWORK
Limits to a city.
Eg. Gulf countries & US use it for traffic control system & city management, anticrime etc., delhi metro, Hyderabad IT parks.
WAN – WIDE AREA NETWORKSA collection of several of LAN, MAN, LAN’S
Area is not a specific- anything from city, state, country, contiet or the etire world.
Eg. Internet, ATM, core banking
Additional usage –
Ø Searching global information
Ø Email- id, etc
VAN:- VALUE ADDED NETWORKINGValue addition to networking Provided to vendors, employees & clients by companies it doesn’t require any activation cost\installation expences.only internet conection reqd. we can easily get connected to VAN.
Why VAN-Ø Provided only to vendors, employees & customers & gives acess to a particular data
Ø it is a pvt. Network
Ø Eg.
· Asian paints distributes site through intranet
· D-MAT account usage
· Reliance communication intranet site
· Bank account holders.
HAN- HOME AREA NETWORK
A networks within the users Home that coects persons digital device from multiple computers and their peripheral device to telephones , VCD players, vedio games, home security system. smart appliances, Fax machines & other digital devices that are wired into the network.
VPN-VIRTUAL PRIVATE NETWORK \ VIRTUAL LANIs a pvt. Data network that makes use of public telecommunication infrastructure, maintaining privacy through security procedures
Ø System of owned or a leased line or tele connection or wifin for employees
Ø Connecting two or more branches
Ø Eg. Online muster mgt.
· Employees performance appraisal
· Instructions to employees
· www.methodexsystems.com
· Global connection
CAN-BUS:- CONTROLLER AREA NETWORKS
A serial bus networks of microcontrollers that coects devices, sensors activators in a system or subsystem for real time control application.
Development by ROBERT BOSH IN 1983 Officially released in 1986 Manadatory for all cars & light tracks in US since 1996. Manadatory for all European petrol vehicle Since 2001 ad diesel since 2004.
Modern automobiles may have atleast 70 electronic control units (ECU’S) for various subsystems like- transmission , airbags, antilock,tracking, cruise control etc.
MERCEDES BENZ – sound start –stop technology way indicator (GPS) .
Network Topologies
5 types:
Star Topology
Bus Topology
Ring Topology
Mesh Topology
Hybrid Topology
Star Topology:
In Star topology, all the system PCs & Printers is connected to the centralized Hub or server & with the help of that connected to each other. If the one of the PCs or Printer will be closed, it will not affect the entire system. But if the server is down entire system will be shut down.
5 types:
Star Topology
Bus Topology
Ring Topology
Mesh Topology
Hybrid Topology
Star Topology:
In Star topology, all the system PCs & Printers is connected to the centralized Hub or server & with the help of that connected to each other. If the one of the PCs or Printer will be closed, it will not affect the entire system. But if the server is down entire system will be shut down.
Benefits:- connected with Hub (Switch/ Server PC), which helps in sharing information
- controlling access traffic
- if a PC or a peripheral fails, it doesn’t affect the network
- Sharing information is secure
Limitation:- If hub fails, it causes failure of entire network.
Bus Topology
All the PCs are connected to centralized cable with the help of which they are connected to each other with the help of different nodes.
If one of the PC is down it will not affect the entire system.
No centralized hub is there
Benefits:- connected with Bus (Cable with node), which helps in sharing information
- there is a slim chance of cable failure.
- if a PC or a peripheral fails, it doesn’t affect the network.
- Sharing information is secure
Limitation:- If bus fails, it causes failure of entire network.
- Good for sharing low traffic; It faces problem in access traffic.
Ring Topology
All the PCs are connected to the two adjacent PCs only.
If one of the PC is down it will entire system will be down.
No centralized hub is there
Benefits:- Connection of numerous PCs is possible and easier.
Limitation:
- Managing traffic is tedious job for ring topology
- Sharing information is not secure.
- Failure of 1 PC causes the failure of the entire network
Mesh Topology
All the PCs are connected to the each other with the help of cable.
If one of the PC is down it will not affect entire system.
No centralized hub is there
But lots of cabling.
Benefits:
- Each PC is connected to every other PC and Peripherals in the network, which helps in sharing information
- controlling access traffic
- Sharing becomes faster and secure.
- if a PC or a peripheral fails, it doesn’t affect the network
Limitation:- It is costlier to implement.
Hybrid Topology
It’s a combination of any two, any three, all the four or few similar topologies.
Eg. Combination of star & mesh,
Star & bus
Star, ring and bus,
Star & star,
Bus& bus,
Bus, bus & ring etc…
Comparison Chart of the all basic topologies
IT ENABLED SERVICES
-- BPO, KPO, ITO, LPO, Call Centres
I. BPO – BUSINESS PROCESS OUTSOURCING-Assigning a task to some expert is outsourcing.
-Assigning a business task is BPO.
-These experts are not from the company, it is a contractual basis of work.
What sort of services is provided?
2 types of services -Back office
-Front office
(a) Back office – Any kind work dealing with finance or HR.
Ex. Finance - A/c Handling, future forecast of financial work.
HR – Administration, Recruitment
(b) Front office – (i) it’s a customer care department which include queries, problems solving through telecalling
(ii) Selling through telecalling
(iii) Collection
HISTORY
In 1980’s à British Airways begun concept of BPO in India
1st office was in Delhi
Work – Front office: Ticket booking
Back office: Luggage, Finance, etc.
In 1990’s à several big companies like GE (German Electric) also started with BPO selling products, handling back office work in Hydrabad.
In beginning of 00’s (2000-2002) à several companies began BPO in cities like South Banglore, Hydrabad like Wipro, Infosys, Cognizant, Dell, Syntel (spectramind).
Till 2008 à more than 0.7million population stated career in BPO sectors.
Banglore à 1st biggest IT city
Pune à Rank 2nd.
NOTE: BPO, KPO, ITO, LPO are basically types of BPO.
II. KPO -- KNOWLEDGE PROCESS OUTSOURCING.
-Deals with knowledge, information, expertise
-Management tasks – Top management
n Decision Making
n Planning
n Organizing
n Directing
n Controlling
n Analyzing
n Accounting
Benefits of KPO
- Obtaining experts’ advice
- Minimising errors
- Helps in long time planning
Drawbacks of KPO
- Searching highly skilled people is difficult
- Costly affair compared to BPO
- Training to experts is difficult n costlier
III. LPO – Legal Process Outsourcing
This concept is initiated in USA
They have several legal firms dealing with the legal affairs of the company
In India just begun gaining important company providing legal advices & solving legal matters
Benefits of LPO
- Obtaining experts’ & Legal advice
- Working in legal way.
Drawbacks of LPO
- Boundary limits – laws are different for different countries.
IV. ITO – Information Technology Outsourcing
Providing Customised software as per the requirement of the company
Providing training to the clients
Providing the facilities of regular update
Handling IT Department
Providing best IT services
Eg- SAP – System Application Program.
Benefits-- Strengthen the IT Services
- Experts view
Drawback-
- time consuming
- timely training required
- training is costly and tedious
- software requires regular updates
V. CALL CENTRESIt’s a front office department of the BPO
Front office – (i) it’s a customer care department which include queries, problems solving through telecalling
(ii) Selling through telecalling
(iii) Collection
In short call centre deals with the marketing activities.
VI. MEDICAL TRANSCRIPTIONA group of doctors associated with the BPO for providing their services online or with telecommunications.
Eg. So its possible that a US Patients can get treated by an Indian Doctors
Benefits –-Experts available across the globe.
-Global access for particular disease.
-Several doctors can treat a single patient.
Drawbacks –-Costly affair.
-Physical Examination of Patients is not possible
Benefits of IT/Impacts of IT on organizational change
-Efficiency in achieving objectives, high productivity.
-Minimizing errors,low wastage.
-Communicates information faster,high decision making.
-Expert advice available,better organizing.
Threats –
-Losing information-hacking.
-Low secrecy/security.
-Costly affair.
Why ITES in India?
-Low cost labour.
-Availability of experts is high at cheaper rates.
-Employment.
-Indian accent of English is understandable.
INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
Information technology (IT) is "the study, design, development, implementation, support or management of computer-based information systems, particularly software applications and computer hardware", according to the Information Technology Association of America (ITAA). IT deals with the use of electronic computers and computer software to convert, store, protect, process, transmit, and securely retrieve information.
In simple words—
Information technology is a technology which deals with, Manages, organises, directs, uses, etc information with the help of telecommunication and Computers.
Information Technology = Networking + IT Enables Services
A.R. Sayyed
